The legal standing of the minority shareholders is no longer a subject of debate thanks to several ICSID tribunals which established that foreign minority shareholders can assert claims separate from that of the local company in the host State. Notwithstanding, the critical date for determining foreign control is not yet crystal clear.  The foreign shareholders […]

Public private partnerships (PPP) are considered attractive liberal project financing models for governments. Turkey has been experimenting with PPP contracts since the early 1980s when the country was seeking to liberalize its economy. Since then, Turkey has extensively used PPP models in infrastructure, transportation, energy, and health care sectors. Despite heavily relying on the PPP […]